Certolizumab

Certolizumab is a Fab fragment of a humanized monoclonal antibody against tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Differing from the other TNF-alpha inhibitors due to the absence of Fc fragment and pegylation, it binds to both the soluble and transmembrane forms of TNF-alpha, creating a strong TNF-alpha blockage. Previously approved for psoriatic arthritis, certolizumab received another approval from FDA in 2018 for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis that does not respond to conventional systemic treatments or for which these treatments are contraindicated. Administered via subcutaneous injections, certolizumab also has a low-dose option for patients weighing less than 90 kg. Certolizumab is considered a safe biological drug that can be preferred during pregnancy and lactation.Copyright © 2022 by Turkish Society of Dermatology and Venereology.

The SARS-CoV-2 Antibody and Drug Research Based on the Structure of the Spike Protein and the Mechanism of Cell Entry.

COVID-19 is a severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV- 2.COVID-19 is now a pandemic, and is not yet fully under control.As the surface spike protein (S) mediates the recognition between the virus and cell membrane and the process of cell entry, it plays an important role in the course of disease transmission.The study on the S protein not only elucidates the structure and function of virus-related proteins and explains their cellular entry mechanism, but also provides valuable information for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of COVII)-19.Concentrated on the S protein of SARS-CoV-2, this review covers four aspects: (1 ) The structure of the S protein and its binding with angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) , the specific receptor of SARS-CoV-2, is introduced in detail.Compared with SARS-CoV, the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV- 2 S protein has a higher affinity with ACE2, while the affinity of the entire S protein is on the contrary.(2) Currently, the cell entry mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 meditated by the S protein is proposed to include endosomal and non-endosomal pathways.With the recognition and binding between the S protein and ACE2 or after cell entry, transmembrane protease serine 2(TMPRSS2) , lysosomal cathepsin or the furin enzyme can cleave S protein at S1/S2 cleavage site, facilitating the fusion between the virus and target membrane.(3) For the progress in SARS-CoV-2 S protein antibodies, a collection of significant antibodies are introduced and compared in the fields of the target, source and type.(4) Mechanisms of therapeutic treatments for SARS-CoV-2 varied.Though the antibody and medicine treatments related to the SARS-CoV-2 S protein are of high specificity and great efficacy, the mechanism, safety, applicability and stability of some agents are still unclear and need further assessment.Therefore, to curb the pandemic, researchers in all fields need more cooperation in the development of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and medicines to face the great challenge.Copyright © Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition).All right reserved.

Nanosponges: As a Dynamic Drug Delivery Approach for Targeted Delivery

Recent advancements in nanotechnology have resulted in improved medicine delivery to the target site. Nanosponges are three-dimensional drug delivery systems that are nanoscale in size and created by cross-linking polymers. The introduction of Nanosponges has been a significant step toward overcoming issues such as drug toxicity, low bioavailability, and predictable medication release. Using a new way of nanotechnology, nanosponges, which are porous with small sponges (below one microm) flowing throughout the body, have demonstrated excellent results in delivering drugs. As a result, they reach the target place, attach to the skin's surface, and slowly release the medicine. Nanosponges can be used to encapsulate a wide range of medicines, including both hydrophilic and lipophilic pharmaceuticals. The medication delivery method using nanosponges is one of the most promising fields in pharmacy. It can be used as a biocatalyst carrier for vaccines, antibodies, enzymes, and proteins to be released. The existing study enlightens on the preparation method, evaluation, and prospective application in a medication delivery system and also focuses on patents filed in the field of nanosponges.Copyright © 2023 The Authors.

Predictors of poor outcomes in patients with pandemic viral infections (influenza AH1N1pdm09, COVID-19) on a ventilator.

Considering the commonality of the pathogenetic links of the critical forms of COVID-19 and influenza AH1N1pdm09 (cytokine over-release syndrome), the question arises: will the predictors of an unfavorable outcome in patients on mechanical ventilation and, accordingly, the universal tactics of respiratory support in these diseases be identical? Objective. In a comparative aspect, to characterize patients with influenza AH1N1pdm09 and COVID-19 who were on mechanical ventilation, to identify additional clinical and laboratory risk factors for death, to determine the degree of influence of respiratory support (RP) tactics on an unfavorable outcome in the studied category of patients. Patients and methods. Patients treated on the basis of resuscitation and intensive care departments of the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution "SKIB" in Krasnodar and the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution "IB No 2" in Sochi were studied: group 1 - 31 people with influenza AH1N1pdm09 (21 people died - subgroup 1A;10 people survived - subgroup 1B) and group 2 - 50 people with COVID-19 (29 patients died - subgroup 2A;21 people survived - subgroup 2B). All patients developed hypoxemic ARF. All patients received step-by-step tactics of respiratory support, starting with oxygen therapy and ending with the use of "traditional" mechanical ventilation. Continuous variables were compared in subgroups of deceased and surviving patients for both nosologies at the stages: hospital admission;registration of hypoxemia and the use of various methods of respiratory therapy;development of multiple organ dysfunctions. With regard to the criteria for which a statistically significant difference was found (p < 0.05), we calculated a simple correlation, the relative risk of an event (RR [CI 25-75%]), the cut-off point, which corresponded to the best combination of sensitivity and specificity. Results. Risk factors for death of patients with influenza AH1N1pdm09 on mechanical ventilation: admission to the hospital later than the 8th day of illness;the fact of transfer from another hospital;leukocytosis >=10.0 x 109/l, granulocytosis >=5.5 x 109/l and LDH level >=700.0 U/l at admission;transfer of patients to mechanical ventilation on the 9th day of illness and later;SOFA score >=8;the need for pressor amines and replacement of kidney function. Predictors of poor outcome in ventilated COVID-19 patients: platelet count <=210 x 109/L on admission;the duration of oxygen therapy for more than 4.5 days;the use of HPNO and NIV as the 2nd step of RP for more than 2 days;transfer of patients to mechanical ventilation on the 14th day of illness and later;oxygenation index <=80;the need for pressors;SOFA score >=8. Conclusion. When comparing the identified predictors of death for patients with influenza and COVID-19 who needed mechanical ventilation, there are both some commonality and differences due to the peculiarities of the course of the disease. A step-by-step approach to the application of respiratory support methods is effective both in the case of patients with influenza AH1N1pdm09 and patients with COVID-19, provided that the respiratory support method used is consistent with the current state of the patient and his respiratory system, timely identification of markers of ineffectiveness of the respiratory support stage being carried out and determining the optimal moment escalation of respiratory therapy.Copyright © 2022, Dynasty Publishing House. All rights reserved.

Characterizing the Blood Pressure Response to Physical Counterpressure Manoeuvres Using Surface Electromyography in Adults With Long Covid

Orthostatic intolerance (OI) is common in Long Covid. Physical counterpressure manoeuvres (PCM) may improve OI in other disorders. We characterised the blood pressure-rising effect of PCM using surface electromyography (sEMG) and investigated its association with fatigue in adults with Long Covid. Participants performed an active stand with beat-to-beat hemodynamic monitoring and sEMG of both thighs, including PCM at 3-minutes post-stand. Multivariable linear regression investigated the association between change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and change in normalised root mean square (RMS) of sEMG amplitude, controlling for confounders including the Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFQ). In 90 participants (mean age 46), mean SBP rise with PCM was 13.7 (SD 9.0) mmHg. In regression, SBP change was significantly, directly associated with change in RMS sEMG ( 0.25 , 95% CI 0.07-0.43, P = 0.007);however, CFQ was not significant. PCM measured by sEMG augmented SBP without the influence of fatigue. Copyright © 2013 IEEE.

Sentiment Analysis on Twitter Data of Omicron (B.l.l.529) using Natural Language Processing

The COVID pandemic is causing outrageous interference in everyday life and financial activity. Close to two years after the presence of COVID, WHO allotted the variety B.l.l.529 a variety of concern, named 'Omicron'. Online diversion data assessment is created and transformed into a more renowned subject of investigation. In this paper, a sizably voluminous heap of appraisals and assessments are culminated with online redirection information. The evaluations and appearances of Twitter electronic diversion stage clients are summarised and researched by considering sentiment analysis by utilising various natural language processing techniques based on positive, negative, and neutral tweets. All potential outcomes are considered for investigating the feelings of Twitter clients. For the most part, tweets are assessed clearly, and this assessment ensures the headway of this investigation study. Different kinds of analyzers are utilised and measured. The 'TextBlob Sentiment Analyzer' has given the highest polarity score based on positivity, negativity, and neutrality rates in terms of inspiration, pessimism, and impartiality. A total dataset is fully determined and classified with all the analyzers, and a comparative result is also measured to find the ideal analyzer. It is intended to apply boosting machine learning methods to increase the accuracy of the proposed architecture before further implementation. © 2022 IEEE.

The added value of molecular-based diagnostics in the African forensic medical setting.

Sudden unexpected infant death (SUDI) is reported to be an extraordinarily high burden in sub-Saharan Africa, with the incidence rate in South Africa among the highest in the world. It is common for the cause of many such infant deaths to remain unexplained even after a full medico-legal death investigation, and then to be categorised as a sudden unexplained infant death (SUID). Fortunately, advances in molecular-based diagnostics allow researchers to identify numerous underlying inherited cardiac arrhythmogenic disorders in many SUDI cases, with a predominance of variants identified in the SCN5A gene. Such cardiac arrhythmogenic-related sudden deaths generally present with no structural alterations of the heart that are macroscopically identifiable at autopsy, therefore highlighting the importance of post mortem genetic testing. We report on a significant genetic finding that was made on a SUDI case in which the cause was ascribed to an acute bacterial pneumonia but it was still subjected to post mortem genetic testing of the SCN5A gene. The literature shows that many SUDI cases diagnosed with inherited cardiac arrhythmogenic disorders have demonstrated a viral prodrome within days of their death. It is therefore not uncommon for these cardiac disorders in infants to be mistaken for flu, viral upper respiratory tract infection or pneumonia, and without the incorporation of post mortem genetic testing, any other contributory causes of these deaths are often disregarded. This study highlights the need for research reporting on the genetics of inherited cardiac disorders in Africa.

In-Patient Costs of Coronavirus Disease 2019 with Financial Regulations and Heath Economy

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging disease that infects patients, who have critical and complex health problems, that need to be treated in hospitals. The financial regulations and heath economy to management efficiency in hospitals is an important indicator for hospital administrators to make decisions for efficient health service provision. Then, the purposes were to: analyze the cost of in-patient with COVID-19 per day and per admission, and compare COVID-19 severity with the cost of in-patient. Methods: This retrospective study using secondary data from the standard data set HOSxP data system program 43 folders of 18, between 2021 and 2022 was conducted. The total hospital costs was analyzed from the 4191 samples of in-patients with COVID-19 on the 18 community hospital in Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand. Results:The majority of samples were females 52.6%, age group between 30 - 39 of 26.0 %, the insurance type was Social Security Scheme 60.9% (average sleeping days 11 days), lived in Sakon Nakhon province, Thailand 77.7%, no medical conditions 97.7 %, the severity of disease was asymptomatic and mild symptoms 80.5%. In addition, the cost of an in-patient COVID- 19 ward was 104.1 USD per day. The cost of complication diseases resulted from 1,063.3 USD - 1,681.1 USD per admission, moderate symptoms and pneumonia were 1,681.1 USD per admission, and mild symptoms were 1,063.3 USD per admission, which was higher than the standard cost (p<0.015). Furthermore, the cost of mild symptoms was 1,063.3 USD per admission was higher than the estimated cost (p<0.05), and the cost of moderate symptoms with pneumonia was 1,681.1 USD per admission, higher than the estimated cost ( p<0.001). Conclusions: As a consequence, the various levels of clinical severity and the cost of an in-patient with COVID-19 is higher than the standard cost and estimated cost. However, there is still no suitable fiscal legislation.

Assessment of perceptions among Dental faculty members towards online teaching in Dental institutions in Sangli city: A Webbased survey

The COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the educational system all over the world. As a result, the educational institutions have to solely rely on online method of delivering education in the form of e-lectures, e-presentations and webinars. Elearning has been defined as "an educational method that facilitates learning by the application of information technology and communication providing an opportunity for learners to have access to all the required education programmes."1 The term e-learning has been interchangeably used with the terms web-based learning, online learning or education, computer-assisted or -aided instruction, computer-based instruction, internet based learning, multimedia learning, technology-enhanced learning and virtual learning.2,3 All the institutions are striving to best deliver the content online to engage students effectively and to conduct timely assessments for them. It has led to accelerated development of online learning environment so that learning would not be hindered. Online Learning Management Systems (LMS) are web-based software for distributing, tracking, and managing courses over the Internet. These systems offer an effective solution to deliver the learning content effectively and establish a two-way communication between the faculty and students.

COVID-19: The efficacy and safety of anticoagulant, glucocorticosteroid therapy and metabolic

Objective: assessment of the efficacy and safety of the use of anticoagulant, glucocorticosteroid, metabolic therapy in patients with COVID-19 at the inpatient stage of treatment. Material and methods. In February 2021, a prospective, randomized, single-center, continuous comparative study was organized on the basis of the Gomel City Clinical Hospital No. 3, which included 827 patients with moderate and severe clinical course of COVID-19. Results. Stratification of the risks of an unfavorable outcome in patients with moderate and severe clinical course of COVID-19 made it possible to optimize treatment, with the selection of optimal doses of anticoagulant and glucocorticosteroid therapy, which led to an increase in patient survival. A high level of blood lactate reflects the degree of damage to the lung tissue, the severity of the course of the disease and requires an increase in the dose of anticoagulant therapy. The use of thiotriazoline effectively reduces the level of lactate, which makes it possible to restore the energy balance of the cell. Conclusion. The use of therapeutic (intermediate) doses of anticoagulant and optimal glucorticosteroid therapy in patients at high risk of poor outcomes with moderate and severe clinical course of COVID-19, can increase the survival rate from 82.1 to 96.8%, p<0.0001. The appointment of anticoagulant therapy was complicated by "minor" bleeding in 2.13% in the main group, in 2.11% in the control group, p>0.05, and the use of glucocorticosteroids was complicated by newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (2.13% in the main group, 1.81% in the control group, p>0.05), which allows us to consider the therapy used is safe. The use of the metabolic, antioxidant agent thiotriazoline in patients with an LDH level of more than 800 U/L and with a high risk of an unfavorable outcome led to a decrease in LDH within five days of treatment by 447.9 U/L in the main group compared with the control group by 124.0 U/L (p=0.0001), which was accompanied by an improvement in the general condition, increased physical activity, and an earlier start of rehabilitation.Copyright © 2022 by the authors.

The impact of COVID-19 on access to mental health services and the use of teletherapy as an alternative form of treatment

The aim of this research study is to determine the impact of COVID-19 on access related to mental health services and also explain the use of teletherapy as an alternative form of treatment. This research study is based on secondary research data analysis to determine the research study data collected from websites related to the ratios of COVID-19 also that mental health services. Determine the research study used E-views software, and the generated result included descriptive statistics, correlations, the dickey fuller test analysis, the histogram, and state, also that explain the variance and test of equality between them. The overall result shows COVID-19 shows a direct impact on mental health services;teletherapy directly links with mental health services. Benefits make teletherapy the best online therapy session for overcoming various types of depression and mental illness in patients. Also, teletherapy is an alternative form of mental health service that is mostly provided to people affected due to the pandemic conditions of the coronavirus.Copyright © 2022, Universidade de Sao Paulo. Museu de Zoologia. All rights reserved.

A highly accurate peak time formula of epidemic outbreak from the SIR model

Forecasting the epidemic peak time right from the origination of a disease is vital to take over dynamical behaviour of its spread over time. The decision of isolation, social distance and lock down strategic progresses does all rely on an accurate prediction of the peak time so that reduction of the time of peak or of the infected size of population will be made possible. Therefore, recent efforts concentrated on deriving elaborative and analytically accessible expressions representing the peak time of the infected compartment from the classical SIR epidemic mathematical model. In this research paper, two closed-form formulae are introduced to yield a straightforward computation of peak time of an infectious disease with no restrictions on the SIR quantities. In addition to this, the calculations can be implemented on a usual calculator, without requiring the use of advanced mathematical functions, having provided the initial fractions of infected and susceptible populations as well as the recovery to infectious ratio. A comparison including the COVID-19 data is fulfilled with the very recent formulas available in the open literature. With the proposed new scalings, evaluation of the peak time is reduced only to two parameter space and the accuracy of the present formulas in reduced form is ultimately confirmed yielding an error of order of magnitude 10−4 valid for the complete regime of the set of SIR model parameters. Even in the case of an endemic, the past peak time of the illness can also be captured accurately by the given formulae. Two simple approximations in terms of usual geometric series are also provided. These can be safely used with a pocket calculator without sophisticated laboratory equipments.

Does the pandemic hamper or boost the necessity for an international language? A survey on English use frequency among Japanese workers

This study aims to reveal the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the necessity of using English as an international language. For this purpose, this study conducted a web survey of Japanese workers, and statistically examined the extent to which the use of English increased or decreased after the outbreak. The findings are as follows. First, although some types of use decreased or increased, the majority did not show substantial changes. Second, the changes in English use were largely influenced by worker factors, such as types of occupation and employment (e.g. it declined typically among sales workers but not among the self-employed and freelancers), the degree of remote working (e.g. not being allowed to work remotely reduced it), and industry (e.g. it declined among workers in accommodation and real estate sectors but increased among public servants). These findings suggest the following implications: (1) non-decline in English use would suggest its resilience as an international language, the necessity of which could endure even in such a global upheaval;and (2) the frequency of using English (and other modes of international communication) is relatively independent of reduced human mobility, but it is largely affected by the economic climate.

Predictors of poor outcomes in patients with pandemic viral infections (influenza AH1N1pdm09, COVID-19) on a ventilator.

Considering the commonality of the pathogenetic links of the critical forms of COVID-19 and influenza AH1N1pdm09 (cytokine over-release syndrome), the question arises: will the predictors of an unfavorable outcome in patients on mechanical ventilation and, accordingly, the universal tactics of respiratory support in these diseases be identical? Objective. In a comparative aspect, to characterize patients with influenza AH1N1pdm09 and COVID-19 who were on mechanical ventilation, to identify additional clinical and laboratory risk factors for death, to determine the degree of influence of respiratory support (RP) tactics on an unfavorable outcome in the studied category of patients. Patients and methods. Patients treated on the basis of resuscitation and intensive care departments of the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution "SKIB" in Krasnodar and the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution "IB No 2" in Sochi were studied: group 1 - 31 people with influenza AH1N1pdm09 (21 people died - subgroup 1A;10 people survived - subgroup 1B) and group 2 - 50 people with COVID-19 (29 patients died - subgroup 2A;21 people survived - subgroup 2B). All patients developed hypoxemic ARF. All patients received step-by-step tactics of respiratory support, starting with oxygen therapy and ending with the use of "traditional" mechanical ventilation. Continuous variables were compared in subgroups of deceased and surviving patients for both nosologies at the stages: hospital admission;registration of hypoxemia and the use of various methods of respiratory therapy;development of multiple organ dysfunctions. With regard to the criteria for which a statistically significant difference was found (p < 0.05), we calculated a simple correlation, the relative risk of an event (RR [CI 25-75%]), the cut-off point, which corresponded to the best combination of sensitivity and specificity. Results. Risk factors for death of patients with influenza AH1N1pdm09 on mechanical ventilation: admission to the hospital later than the 8th day of illness;the fact of transfer from another hospital;leukocytosis >=10.0 x 109/l, granulocytosis >=5.5 x 109/l and LDH level >=700.0 U/l at admission;transfer of patients to mechanical ventilation on the 9th day of illness and later;SOFA score >=8;the need for pressor amines and replacement of kidney function. Predictors of poor outcome in ventilated COVID-19 patients: platelet count <=210 x 109/L on admission;the duration of oxygen therapy for more than 4.5 days;the use of HPNO and NIV as the 2nd step of RP for more than 2 days;transfer of patients to mechanical ventilation on the 14th day of illness and later;oxygenation index <=80;the need for pressors;SOFA score >=8. Conclusion. When comparing the identified predictors of death for patients with influenza and COVID-19 who needed mechanical ventilation, there are both some commonality and differences due to the peculiarities of the course of the disease. A step-by-step approach to the application of respiratory support methods is effective both in the case of patients with influenza AH1N1pdm09 and patients with COVID-19, provided that the respiratory support method used is consistent with the current state of the patient and his respiratory system, timely identification of markers of ineffectiveness of the respiratory support stage being carried out and determining the optimal moment escalation of respiratory therapy.Copyright © 2022, Dynasty Publishing House. All rights reserved.

Information Value of Individual and Consolidated Financial Statements for Indicative Liquidity Assessment of Polish Energy Groups in 2018–2021

Electricity is currently one of the most popular sources of energy. Considering such widespread use of electric energy, we may ask, what is the economic cost of producing and supplying it? The climate crisis and the social pressure associated with it have triggered the necessity to make further investments in renewable and low-emission energy sources, while the COVID-19 pandemic has abruptly limited electricity consumption in industry. All these factors can have an impact on disruptions or loss in the liquidity of companies responsible for supplying electricity to end users. Guaranteeing cash flow for energy sector entities is a prerequisite for energy supply continuity. In this context, the selection and application of reliable sources of information are vital for the management of the financial liquidity of energy sector entities. The aim of this article is to prove the value of the financial information of individual (IFR) and consolidated financial statements (CFR) essential for the indicative liquidity assessment of Polish energy groups in 2018–2021. The hypothesis of this study is that individual and consolidated statements do not offer coincident analytical data due to the diversified role of their parent undertakings. We have applied indicative liquidity assessment analysis from a static and dynamic perspective to 2018–2021, on the basis of individual and consolidated financial statements. The results clearly show high dysfunction in the application of indicative liquidity assessment in the case of the individual financial statement of the parent company. This is mainly due to the role parent companies play in Polish energy sector groups, as they are mainly responsible for support processes. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Energies (19961073) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Evaluation of the Quality of Electronic Educational Courses for Higher Education Institutions

The transition to distance and blended forms of education in most higher education institutions during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, and then the actions of martial law in Ukraine prompted teachers to create their own electronic educational resources and electronic training courses, with the help of which the content of the academic discipline is transmitted. The article describes approaches to the evaluation of the quality of electronic educational courses. The main structural components of an electronic educational course for higher education institutions are distinguished: technical and technological, normative and organizational, methodical, substantive, result and evaluative, which can be considered factors affecting its quality. It was determined that the technical and technological factor is characterized by the possibility and convenience of installing electronic educational course on PCs and mobile devices, compatibility of electronic educational course with various operating systems availability and quality of instructions for installing/starting electronic educational course, availability of a description of technical characteristics of electronic educational course and contacts of its developer(s). The criteria of the regulatory and organizational factor are normative acts related to the educational course, reviews of the electronic educational course, questionnaires for applicants of higher education and teachers regarding the determination of the quality of the electronic educational course. Features of the methodological block are instructions for the electronic educational course users, methodological materials for students of higher education on the performance of the main types of tasks, methodological recommendations for the electronic educational course teacher, feedback. The content factor is characterized by lecture texts, presentations for each topic, multimedia materials, a terminological dictionary, tasks (practical, interactive, for independent work, creative, research), project works, reference materials, a list of main and additional sources, additional educational materials, a glossary.A basic factor-criterion model for evaluating the quality of an electronic educational course for higher education institutions is proposed, which makes it possible to carry out an objective quantitative assessment of the quality of an electronic educational course and to identify possible shortcomings in order to eliminate them in time, which can be used during the development and evaluation of electronic educational courses for higher education institutions in various academic disciplines.

Development and Validation of a Novel Stability Indicating Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Related Substances and Assay Analysis of Molnupiravir Drug Substance and Drug Product

Molnupiravir, a broad-spectrum antiviral is an isopropyl ester prodrug of beta-D-N4-hydroxycytidine. Molnupiravir targets RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase enzyme of the viruses. A new stability-indicating HPLC-method was developed to determine related substances and assay of molnupiravir. Separation was achieved by using Shim-pack GWS C18 column. The method was validated according to current ICH requirements. The calibration plot gave a linear relationship for all known analytes over the concentration range from LOQ to 200%. LOD and LOQ for all known analytes were found in 0.05-0.08 microg mL-1 and 0.12-0.20 microg mL-1, respectively, the mean recovery was found to be 97.79-102.44 %. Study showed that the method, results of robustness, solution stability studies are precise and within the acceptable limits. Molnupiravir was found to degrade in acid, alkali, and oxidative conditions, and was stable in thermal, moisture, and photolytic degradation condition. The method is simple, accurate, precise, and reproducible for routine purity analysis of drug-samples.Copyright © 2022 Indian Drug Manufacturers' Association. All rights reserved.

Black Fungus Classification using Adaboost with SVM-based classifier and Compare accuracy with Support Vector Machine

India recognize a severe public health issue in addition to the COVID-19 outbreak and the growing percentage of patients with related mucormycosis from 2021. An uncommon condition known as mucormycosis is brought on by fungus in the family Mucorales. Mucormycosis is a fairly uncommon illness that is caused by common environmental moulds that may be found in soil and decomposing organic materials. Spores develop into hyphae in a susceptible individual, which subsequently infect nearby tissue, including blood vessels, leading to hemorrhagic infarction. Doctors have offered many hypotheses on this. The issue is if black fungus is present in other countries given how uncontrolled it is growing in India. Patients in India with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to illnesses other than corona virus infection. The revised machine learning strategy which will be created in this work is Adaboost with an Support Vector Machine-based classifier (ASVM). Due of the difficulties in learning SVM and the differential in variety as well as efficiency over straightforward SVM classifiers, ASVM classifier is frequently believed to violate the Boosting principle. The Adaboost classifier used in the study gradually replaces SVM as the primary classifier when the weight value of the training sample changes. On testing data, the mean accuracy of the classification was 97.1%, which was much higher than that of SVM classifiers without Adaboost. © 2022 IEEE.

Safety profile assessment of drug products used for the pathogenetic treatment of COVID-19.

Objective. To review and summarize literature data in studies of safety of the drug products used for the pathogenetic treatment of COVID-19. Materials and methods. As the first stage of monitoring the drug's safety, which are used in the treatment of COVID-19 in Russia, a systematic review of studies of the drug's safety profiles was carried out: Mefloquine, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir, tocilizumab, olokizumab, baricitinib in the international databases Medline, PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov and Cochrane Library for the period 2019-2021. Results. The review included 51 articles that met the selection criteria. Based on the results of the review, it can be concluded that the safety profile (frequency, severity and severity) of most drugs repurposed for COVID-19 corresponds to those for the registered indications. At the same time, according to world experience, there is an increase in the number of reports of adverse drug reactions of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin, which is provoked by the active use of these drugs for combination therapy. Conclusions. According to the literature, a high incidence of adverse events was noted in hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine and azithromycin. Subsequent analysis and comparison of the safety profiles of hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine and azithromycin with data from the national automated information system (AIS) database of Roszdravnadzor is a necessary component of effective and safe pharmacotherapy for COVID-19.Copyright © 2021, Interregional Association for Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.

Medicinal bismuth: Bismuth-organic frameworks as pharmaceutically privileged compounds

Historically organometallic compounds have been used to cure certain diseases with limited applications. Although bismuth belongs to the category of heavy metals, many of its derivatives have found applications in modern drug discovery research, mainly because of its low toxicity and higher bioavailability. Being an eco-friendly mild Lewis acid, compounds having bismuth as a central atom are capable of binding several proteins in humans and other species. Bismuth complexes demonstrated antibacterial potential in syphilis, diarrhea, gastritis, and colitis. Apart from antibacterial activities, bismuth compounds exhibited anticancer, antileishmanial, and some extent of antifungal and other medicinal properties. This article discusses major synthetic methods and pharmacological potentials of bismuth complexes exhibiting in vitro activity to significant clinical performance in a systematic and timely manner.Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd